Bedding

Floor Bedding It's a big issue for rat owners. Softwood shavings (pine, cedar) is known to increase the risk of a rat getting respiratory probelems. My rats used to sneeze and wheeze when I didn't know the bad effect of this type of bedding. And I changed it to "Bio-Catolet" (Midas-Products Ltd, UK), safe and eco-frindly recycled paper pellet designed as cat litter, and it was wonderful. It's easy to clean and my rats seemed happier with it. 
 

TopTip If you decided to use a cat litter as rat bedding, make sure that it is made of safe material if it gets chewed. It also often contains chemicals that coagulates the litter when it comes in contact with liquid, and that is not a good idea for rats. As rats pee,you really don't want some solid mass of litter stuck to the backside of the rat. Ouch!
Hardwood (aspen) is said to be the best type of floor bedding for rats, and apparently it has a deodorant effect too. If you can get these it's worthwhile sticking to this traditional method. Unfortunately I haven't seen the hardwood bedding in my local shops.

Nest Bedding is also needed, plenty of it to keep our rats cosy and warm. I occasionally buy shredded tissue paper in petshops, but I normally use shredded highly absorbant kitchen papers instead. I personally prefer to use white ones, not because my rats are fussy minimalist but because it is easier to spot for any unusual stains, such as mucus or blood when I remove any soiled bedding every night and replace it with clean ones. I actually have never seen my rats building such thing as 'nest'. They squash the pile of tissues by lounging on top of it. That's it. That's their nest. They pee, they poop in their own nest and they seemd to think it's my duty to clean it. Hey, that's cool by me. It doen't smell at all. If your rat decided to move their tissues to the other side of the nest, let them be. They know where is the comfortable place in thir nets.
One of my rats suddently developed an allergy towards the shredded kitchen paper one day. I heard some rats get a bad sneeze from the power of the paper. But my rat wasn't sneezing but she constantly had runny teary eyes, and it took me a while to work out that the kitchen paper was the cause.

Top Tip
If your ratty is sneezing and has a red stains around the eyes and the nose, you should consider the possibility of chest infection. However in most cases the bedding is the reason to blame. If you are using pine or cedar bedding, you should replace it with aspen or at least some newspaper at once.